![]() Therefore, the Prelis package was used to compute an asymptotic covariance matrix to correct the ML estimations obtained by the Lisrel software, 8.72 version. In the sample, items do not show a multivariate normal distribution. In the present study, the group definition based on percentiles is maintained, but each item discrimination in relation to its theoretical sub-dimension is studied using anova decomposition to represent it in terms of effect size.Item evaluation also included considerations about response distributions, i.e., their normality and multi-normality. The authors suggest calculating the critical ratio, i.e., the t-value obtained when comparing the means between two groups, the lower 27 th and the upper 73 rd percentile of the score distributions in the sample. Statistical analysisThe psychometric properties of the Italian version of MBI-HSS with reference to a sample of nurses were preliminarily examined performing an item analysis.Total and sub-scale reliabilities were assessed by means of Cronbach’s coefficients, while the contribution to internal consistency at the level of single items was evaluated through item-total and item-subscale correlations.In order to check the discriminatory capacity of each item, a procedure analogous to the one carried out by Lee et al.was performed. The studies conducted between 20 on the factorial structure and on the psychometric properties of the MBI-HSS are systematically reviewed and described in in terms of samples, data analysis, and results. In the 1990s, research on burnout was extended to professionals other than those employed in human services: Schaufeli et al.developed a third questionnaire, the MBI-General Survey (MBI-GS), to be used for general professionals.Despite its popularity, the validity of the MBI – in all its versions – has been the subject of considerable debate, and many scholars tested alternative models of the inventory, increasing or decreasing the number of the factors or reducing the original 22-item set. The first, intended for workers employed in health and social services, was later renamed MBI-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) to differentiate it from the one developed for educators, the MBI-Educators’ Survey (MBI-ED). This conceptualization led to the identification of the three main dimensions of burnout that are assessed in the Maslach Burnout Inventory-MBI, the worldwide leading instrument for the assessment of burnout, by means of three sub-scales: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA).Various versions of the MBI exist. ![]() ![]() Maslach defined burnout in the 1970s as “a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do ‘people work’ of some kind” (, p. IntroductionOccupational burnout is a psychological response to chronic work-related stress of an interpersonal and emotional nature that appears in professionals working directly with clients, patients, or other recipients. Covariances matrix used in the study to test model specifications is immediately available from the Corresponding Author. ![]()
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